Top I.          Users' Guides to the Medical Literature

 

 

1.       Guyatt GH, Rennie D.   Users' Guides to Reading the Medical Literature: Editorial. JAMA 1993;270(17):2096-2097.

 

2.       Oxman AD, Sackett DL, Guyatt GH et al for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group.    Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: I - How to get started.  JAMA 1993;270(17):2093-2095.

 

3.       Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Cook DJ et al for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group.   Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: II - How to use an article about therapy or prevention  A. Are the results of the study valid?  JAMA 1993;270(21):2598-2601.

 

4.       Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Cook DJ et al for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group.    Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: II - How to use an article about therapy or prevention    B. What were the results and will they help me in caring for my patients?  JAMA 1994;271(1):59-63.

 

5.       Jaeschke R, Guyatt GH, Sackett DL et al for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: III - How to use an article about a diagnostic test  A. Are the results of the study valid?  JAMA 1994;271(5):389-391.

 

6.       Jaeschke R, Guyatt GH, Sackett DL et al for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: III - How to use an article about a diagnostic test  B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients?  JAMA 1994;271(9):703-707.

 

7.       Levine M, Walter S, Lee H, Haines T, Holbrook A, Moyer V for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: IV - How to use an article about harm.  JAMA 1994;271(20):1615-1619.

 

8.       Laupacis A, Wells G, Richardson S, Tugwell P for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: V - How to use an article about prognosis.  JAMA 1994;272(3):234-237.

 

9.       Oxman AD, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: VI - How to use an overview.  JAMA 1994;272(17):1367-1371.

 

10.   WS Richardson, AS Detsky for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: VII - How to use a clinical decision analysis  A. Are the results of the study valid?  JAMA 1995;273(16):1292-1295.

 

11.   WS Richardson, AS Detsky for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: VII - How to Use a clinical decision analysis  B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients?  JAMA 1995;273(20):1610-1613.

 

12.   Hayward R, Wilson MC, Tunis SR, Bass EB, Guyatt GH for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: VIII - How to use clinical practice guidelines.  A. Are the recommendations valid?  JAMA 1995;274(7):570-574.

 

13.   Wilson MC, Hayward R, Tunis SR, Bass EB, Guyatt GH for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: VIII - How to use clinical practice guidelines.  B. What are the recommendations and will they help you in caring for your patients?  JAMA 1995;274(20):1630-1632.

 

14.   Guyatt GH, Sackett DL, Sinclair JC, Hayward R, Cook DJ, Cook RJ for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: IX - A method for grading health care recommendations.  JAMA 1995;274(22):1800-1804.

 

15.   Naylor CD, Guyatt GH, for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature:  X -  How to use an article reporting variations in the outcomes of health services.  JAMA 1996;275:554-558.

 

16.   Naylor CD, Guyatt GH, for the Evidence Based Medicine Working Group.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature:  XI -  How to use an article about a clinical utilization review.  JAMA 1996;275(18):1435-1439.

 

17.   Guyatt GH, Juniper E, Heyland DK, Jaeschke R, Cook DJ.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature:  XII -  How to use articles about health-related quality of life.  JAMA 1997;277:1232-1237.

 

18.   Drummond MF, Richardson WS, O'Brien BJ, Levine M, Heyland D.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature:  XIII -  How to use an article on economic analysis of clinical practice:  A. Are the results of the study valid?  JAMA 1997;277(19):1552-1557.

 

 

19.   O'Brien BJ, Heyland D, Richardson WS, Drummond MF.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature:  XIII -  How to use an article on economic analysis of clinical practice:  B.  What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients?  JAMA 1997;277(22):1802-1806.

 

20.   Dans A, Dans LF, Guyatt GH, Richardson S, for the EBM Working Group.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature XIV -  How to decide on the applicability of clinical trial results to your patient.  JAMA 1998;279(7):545-549.

 

21.   Richardson WS, Wilson MC, Guyatt GH, Cook DJ, Nishikawa J, for the EBM Working Group.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature XV -  How to use an article about disease probability for differential diagnosis. JAMA1998;281(13):1214-1219.

 

22.   Guyatt GH, Sinclair J, Cook DJ, Glasziou P.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature XVI -  How to use a treatment recommendation.  JAMA 1999; 281(19):1836-1843.

 

23.   Barratt A, Irwig L, Glasziou P. Cumming RG, Raffle A, Hicks N, Muir Gray JA, Guyatt GH for the EBM Working Group.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature XVII -  How to use guidelines and recommendations about screening.  JAMA 1999;281(21):2029-2034.

 

24.   Randolph AG, Haynes RB, Wyatt JC, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature XVIII -  How to use an article evaluating the clinical impact of a computer-based clinical decision support system.  JAMA 1999;282(1):67-74.

 

25.   Bucher HC, Guyatt GH, Cook DJ, Holbrook A, McAlister FA for the EBM Working Group.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: XIX -  A.  How to use an article measuring the effect of an intervention on surrogate end points.  JAMA 1999;282(8):771-778.

 

26.   McAlister FA, Laupacis A, Wells GA, Sackett DL for the EBM Working Group. Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: XIX -  B. Guidelines for determining whether a drug is exerting (more than) a class effect.  JAMA 1999;282(14):1371-1377.

 

27.   Hunt DL, Jaeschke R, McKibbon A, for the EBM Working Group.  Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: XXI -  Using electronic health information resources in evidence-based practice.  JAMA 2000 Apr 12;283(14):1875-9.

 

 

Top II.            Systematic Review Series

 

1.       Mulrow C, Cook DJ, Davidoff F.  Systematic reviews:  Critical links in the great chain of evidence.  [Editorial] Ann Intern Med 1997;126(5):389-391.

 

2.       Cook DJ, Mulrow CD, Haynes RB.  Systematic reviews:  Synthesis of best evidence for clinical decisions.  Ann Intern Med 1997;126:376-380.

 

3.       Hunt DL, McKibbon A.  Locating and appraising systematic reviews.  Ann Intern Med 1997;126:532-538.

 

4.       Badget RG, O'Keefe MO, Henderson MC.  Using systematic reviews in clinical education.  Ann Intern Med 1997;126(11):886-891.

 

5.       Cook DJ, Greengold NL, Ellrodt AG, Weingarten SR.  The relation between systematic reviews and practice guidelines.  Ann Intern Med 1997;127;210-216.

 

6.       Mulrow C, Cook D.  Integrating heterogeneous pieces of evidence in systematic reviews.  Ann Intern Med 1997;127(11):989-995.

 

7.       Mulrow C, Langhorne P, Grimshaw J.  Eds.  Mulrow C, Cook DJ.  Integrating heterogenous pieces of evidence in systematic reviews.  Ann Intern Med 1997;127:989-995.

 

8.       Lau J, Ioannidis JPA, Schmid CH.  Eds: Mulrow C, Cook DJ.  Quantitative synthesis in systematic reviews.  Ann Intern Med 1997;127:820-826.

 

9.       Meade MO, Richardson WS.  Eds: Mulrow C, Cook DJ. Selecting and appraising studies for a systematic review.  Ann Intern Med 1997;127:531-537.

 

10.   Counsell C.  Eds: Mulrow C, Cook DJ.  Formulating questions and locating primary studies for inclusion in systematic reviews.  Ann Intern Med 1997;127:380-387.

 

11.   Bero LA, Jadad AR, Eds: Mulrow C, Cook DJ.  How consumers and policymakers can use systematic reviews for decision making.  Ann Intern Med 1997;127:37-42.

 

12.   McQuay HF, Moore RA.  Eds. Mulrow C, Cook DJ.  Using numerical results from systematic reviews in clinical practice.  Ann Intern Med 1997;126:712-720.

 

Top III.        Basic Statistics For Clinicians Series

 

1.       Guyatt GH, Jaeschke R, Heddle N, Cook DJ, Shannon H, Walter S.  Basic Statistics for Clinicians: I. Hypothesis testing. Can Med Assoc J 1995;152:27-32.

 

2.       Guyatt GH, Jaeschke R, Heddle N, Cook DJ, Shannon H, Walter S.  Basic Statistics for Clinicians:  II. Interpreting study results: Confidence intervals.  Can Med Assoc J 1995;152:169-173.

 

3.       Jaeschke R, Guyatt GH, Shannon HS, Walter SD, Cook DJ, Heddle N.  Basic Statistics for Clinicians: III. Assessing the effects of treatment: Measures of association.  Can Med Assoc J 1995;152:351-357.

 

4.       Guyatt GH, Walter S, Shannon H, Cook DJ, Jaeschke R, Heddle N.  Basic Statistics for Clinicians: IV. Regression and correlation.  Can Med Assoc J 1995;152:497-504.

 

Top IV.            Searching Strategies

 

1.       Dickersin K, Scheuer N, Lefebvre C.  Identification of relevant studies for systematic reviews.  Br Med J 1994;309:1286-1291.

 

2.       Lowe HJ, Barnett GO.  Understanding and using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) vocabulary to perform literature searches.  JAMA 1994;271:1103-1108.

 

3.       McKibbon KA, Walker-Dilks CJ.  Beyond ACP Journal Club:  How to harness MEDLINE to solve clinical problems.  [Editorial ACP J Club 1994;120(s2):A10-A12.

 

4.       McKibbon KA, Walker-Dilks CJ.  Beyond ACP Journal Club:  How to harness MEDLINE for therapy problems.  [Editorial] ACP J Club 1994;121(s1):A10-A12.

 

5.       McKibbon KA, Walker-Dilks CJ.  Beyond ACP Journal Club:  How to harness MEDLINE for diagnostic problems.  [Editorial] ACP J Club 1994 Jul/Aug;121:A10-A12.

 

6.       Walker-Dilks CJ, McKibbon KA, Haynes RB.  Beyond ACP Journal Club:  How to harness MEDLINE for etiology problems.  [Editorial] ACP J Club 1994 Nov/Dec;121:A10-A11.

 

7.       Haynes RB, Wilczynski NL, McKibbon KA, Walker-Dilks CJ, Sinclair JC.  Developing optimal search strategies for detecting clinically sound studies in MEDLINE. J Am Med Inform Assoc 1994;1:447-458.

 

8.       McKibbon KA, Walker-Dilks CJ, Haynes RB.  Beyond ACP Journal Club:  How to harness MEDLINE for prognosis problems.  [Editorial]  ACP J Club 1995 Jul/Aug;123:A12-A14.

 

9.       McKibbon KA, Walker-Dilks CJ, Wilczynaki NL, Haynes RB.  Beyond ACP Journal Club:  How to harness MEDLINE for review articles.  [Editorial] ACP J Club 1996;124:A12-A13.

 

10.   McKibbon KA, Eady A, Marks S.  PDQ Evidence Based Principles and Practice.  B.C. Decker Inc.  Hamilton, 1999.

 

 

Top V.            Evidence Based Care Series

 

1.       Evidence Based Care Resource Group.  Evidence Based care: 1. Setting priorities: how important is this problem?  Can Med Assoc J 1994;150:1249-1254.

 

2.       Evidence Based Care Resource Group.  Evidence Based care: 2. Setting guidelines: how should we manage this problem?  Can Med Assoc J 1994;150:1417-1423.

 

3.       Evidence Based Care Resource Group.  Evidence Based care: 3. Measuring performance: how are we managing this problem?  Can Med Assoc J 1994;150:1575-1579.

 

4.       Evidence Based Care Resource Group.  Evidence Based care: 4. Improving performance: how can we improve the way we manage this problem?  Can Med Assoc J 1994;150(11):1793-1796.

 

5.       Evidence Based Care Resource Group.  Evidence Based care: 5. Lifelong learning: how can we learn to be more effective?   Can Med Assoc J 1994;150(12):1971-1973.

 

 

Top VI.            Rational Clinical Examination Series

 

1.       Sackett DL.  A primer on the precision and accuracy of the clinical examination.  JAMA 1992;267:2645-2648.

2.       Sackett DL, Rennie D.  The science of the art of the clinical examination.  JAMA 1992;267:2650-2652.

 

3.       Williams JW, Simel DL.  Does this patient have ascities?  How to divine fluid in the abdomen.  JAMA 1992;267:2645-2648.

 

4.       Deyo RA, Rainville J, Kent DL.  What can the history and physical examination tell us about low back pain? JAMA 1992;268:760-765.

 

5.       Stephenson BJ, Rowe BH, Haynes RB, Macharia WM, Leon G.  Is this patient taking the treatment as prescribed?  JAMA 1993;269:2779-2781.

 

6.       Williams JW, Simel DL.  Does this patient have sinusitis?  Diagnosing acute sinusitis by history and physical examination.  JAMA 1993;270:1242-1246.

 

7.       Grover SA, Barkun AN, Sackett DL.  Does this patient have splenomegaly?  JAMA 1993;270:2218-2221.

 

8.       Sauvé JS, Laupacis A, Ostbye T, Feagan B, Sackett DL.  Does this patient have a clinically important carotid bruit?  JAMA 1993;270:2843-2845.

 

9.       Detsky AS, Smalley PS, Chang J.  Is this patient malnourished?  JAMA 1994;271:54-58.

 

10.   Froehling DA, Silverstein MD, Mohr DN, Beatty CW.  Does this dizzy patient have a serious form of vertigo?  JAMA 1994;271:385-388.

 

11.   Goldstein LB, Matchar DB.  Clinical assessment of stroke.  JAMA 1994;271:1114-1120.

 

12.   Naylor CD.  Physical examination of the liver.  JAMA 1994;271:1859-1865.

 

13.   Kitchens JM.  Does this patient have an alcohol problem?  JAMA 1994;272:1782-1787.

 

14.   Holleman DR, Simel DL.  Does the clinical examination predict airflow limitation?  JAMA 1995;273:313-319.

 

15.   Siminoski K.  Does this patient have a goiter?  JAMA 1995;273:813-817.

 

16.   Reeves RA.  Does this patient have hypertension?  How to measure blood pressure.  JAMA 1995;273:1211-1218.

 

17.   Turnbull JM.  Is listening for abdominal bruits useful in the evaluation of hypertension?  JAMA 1995;274:1299-1301.

 

18.   Cook DJ, Simel DL.  Does this patient have abnormal central venous pressure?  JAMA 1996;275:630-634.

 

19.   Wagner JM, McKinney WP, Carpentar JL.  Does this patient have appendicitis?  JAMA 1996;276:1589-1594.

 

20.   Etchells E, Bell C, Robb K.  Does this patient have an abnormal systolic murmur?  JAMA 1997;277:564-571.

 

21.   Badgett RG, Lucey CR, Mulrow CD.  Can the clinical examination diagnose left-sided heart failure in adults?  JAMA 1997;277:1712-1719.

 

22.   Bastian LA, Piscitelli JT.  Is this patient pregnant?  Can you reliably rule in or rule out early pregnancy by clinical examination?  JAMA 1997;278(7):586-591.

 

23.   Metlay JP, Kapoor WN, Fine MJ.  Does this patient have community-acquired pneumonia?  Diagnosing pneumonia by history and physical examination.  JAMA  1997;278(17):1440-1445.

 

24.   Margolis P, Gadomski A.  Does this infant have pneumonia?  JAMA 1998;279(4):308-313.

 

25.   Anand SS, Wells PS, Hunt D, Brill-Edwards P, Cook D, Ginsberg JS.  Does this patient have deep vein thrombosis?  JAMA 1998;279(14):1094-1099.

 

26.   Whited JD, Grichnik JM.  Does this patient have a mole or a melanoma?  JAMA 1998;279(9):696-701.

 

27.   Lederle FA, Simel DL.  Does this patient have abdominal aortic aneurysm?  JAMA 1999;281(1):77-82.

 

  Top VII. The Cochrane Collaboration

1. Cochrane AL. Effectiveness and efficiency. Random reflections on health services. London: Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust, 1972.

2. Cochrane AL. 1931-1971: a critical review, with particular reference to the medical profession. In: Medicine for the year 2000. London: Office of Health Economics, 1979.

3. Anon. Cochrane's legacy (Editorial). Lancet 1992;340:1131-1132.

4. Herxheimer A. The Cochrane Collaboration: making the results of controlled trials properly accessible. Postgrad Med J 1993;69:867-868.

5. Paterson-Brown S, Wyatt JC, Fisk NM. Are clinicians interested in up to date reviews of effective care? BMJ 1993;307:1464.

6. The Cochrane Collaboration. Introductory brochure. Oxford: Cochrane Collaboration, 1993.

7. Milne R and Mead J. The Cochrane Collaboration and clinical audit. Medical Audit News 1993;3(5):73-74.

8. Silagy C. Developing a register of randomised controlled trials in primary care. BMJ 1993;306:897-900.

9. Silagy C, Lancaster T. The Cochrane Collaboration in primary health care. Family Practice 1993;10:364-365.

10. Chalmers I, Dickersin K, Chalmers TC. Getting to grips with Archie Cochrane's agenda. BMJ 1994;305:786-8.

11. Lefebvre C. The Cochrane Collaboration: the role of the UK Cochrane Centre in identifying the evidence. Health Libraries Review 1994;11:235-242.

12. McPherson K. The best and the enemy of the good: randomised controlled trials, uncertainty, and assessing the role of patient choice in medical decision making (The Cochrane Lecture). Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1994;48:6-15.

13. Sheldon T & Chalmers I. The UK Cochrane Centre and the NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination: respective roles within the Information Systems Strategy of the NHS R&D Programme, co-ordination and principles underlying collaboration. Health Economics 1994;3:201-203.

14. Bero L, Rennie D. The Cochrane Collaboration: Preparing, maintaining and disseminating systematic reviews of the effects of health care. JAMA 1995;274:19351938.

    Freemantle N, Grilli R, Grimshaw J et al. Implementing findings of medical research: the Cochrane Collaboration on effective professional practice. Quality in Health Care 1995;4:45-47.

15. Robinson A. Research practice and the Cochrane Collaboration. Can Med Assoc J 1995;152(6):883-889.

16. Brouwers M, Haynes RB, Jadad A, Hayward RSA, Padunsky J, Yang J. Evidence Based health care and the Cochrane Collaboration. Clin Performance Quality Health Care 1997;5 195-201.

17. Jadad AR, Haynes RB. The Cochrane Collaboration - advances and challenges in improving Evidence Based decision making. Med Decis Making 1998;18:2-9.

 

Top VIII.            Evidence Based Medicine. Articles or Commentaries

1. Smith R. Where is the wisdom...? The poverty of medical evidence. BMJ 1991;303:798-799.

2. Evidence Based Care Resource Group.  Evidence Based medicine: a new approach to teaching the practice of medicine. JAMA 1992;268(17):2420-2425.

3. Tanenbaum SJ. What physicians know. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1268-1271.

4. Evidence based medicine, in its place. Editorial. Lancet 1995;346:785.

5. Davidoff F, Haynes B, Sackett D, Smith R. Evidence based medicine. A new journal to help doctors identify the information they need. BMJ 1995;310:1085-1086.

6. Ellis J, Mulligan I, Rowe J, Sackett DL. Inpatient general medicine is evidence based. Lancet 1995;346:407-410.

7. Naylor CD. Grey zones of clinical practice: some limits to evidence based medicine. Lancet 1995;345:840-842.

8. Rosenberg W, Donald A. Evidence based medicine: an approach to clinical problem-solving. BMJ 1995;310:1122-1126.

9. Smith R, Rennie D. And now, evidence based editing. BMJ 1995;311:826.

10. Davidoff F, Case K, Fried PW. Evidence Based medicine: why all the fuss? [Editorial] Ann Intern Med 1995;122:727.

11. Sackett DL, Haynes RB. On the need for Evidence Based medicine. [Editorial] Evidence Based Medicine 1995;1:5-6.

12. Sauvé S, Lee HN, Meade MO, Lang JD, Farkouh M, Cook DJ, Sackett DL. The critically appraised topic: a practical approach to learning critical appraisal. Ann Roy Coll Phys Surg Canada 1995;28:396-398.

13. Bradley F, Field J. Evidence based medicine. Lancet 1995;346:838-839.

14. Charlton BG. Megatrials are subordinate to medical science. BMJ 1995;311:257.

15. Dearlove OR, Sharples A, O=Brien K, Dunkley C. Many questions cannot be answered by EBM. BMJ 1995;311:257-258.

16. Fowler PBS. Evidence based medicine. Lancet 1995;346:838.

17. Grahame-Smith D. EBM: Socratic dissent. BMJ 1995;310:1126-1127.

18. Iggo N. Evidence based medicine. Lancet 1995;346:839.

19. Jones GW, Sagar SM. No guidance is provided for situations for which evidence is lacking. BMJ 1995;311:258.

20. Lancet Editorialist. Leap of faith over data. Lancet 1995;345:1449-1451.

21. Morgan WKC. Lancet 1995;346(8983):1172.

22. Sleigh J. Lancet 1995;346(8983):1172.

23. Smith BH. Rich sources of evidence are ignored. BMJ 1996;313:169.

24. Quality cannot always be quantified. BMJ 1995;311:258.

25. Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM, Gray JA, Haynes RB, Richardson WS. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. BMJ 1996;312:71-72.

26. Vandenbroucke JP. Evidence Based Medicine and "Medicine d'Observation". J Clin Epidemiol 1996;49(12):1335-1338.

27. Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Gray JAM, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH.  Transferring Evidence from Research into Practice.  1.  The role of evidence from clinical care research in clinical decisions. [Editorial] ACP J Club 1996;125(3):A14-A16.

28. Dearlove OR, Rogers J, Sharples A. Authors= redefinition is better but not perfect. BMJ 1996;313:170.

29. Newton J, West E.  EBM and compassion. Lancet 1996;347:1839.

30. Sullivan FM, MacNaughton RJ. Evidence in consultation: Interpreted and individualized.  Lancet 1996;348:941-943.

31. Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Gray JAM, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH.   Transferring Evidence from Health Care Research into Practice.  2.   Getting the evidence straight. [Editorial] ACP J Club 1997;126(1):A14-A16.

32. Gray JAM, Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH.  Transferring Evidence from Health Care Research into Practice. 3. Developing Evidence Based clinical policy. [Editorial] ACP J Club 1997;126(2):A14-A16.

33. Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Gray JAM, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH. Transferring Evidence from Health Care Research into Practice. 4. Overcoming the barriers to implementing the evidence.  [Editorial] ACP J Club 1997 (in press).

34. Fletcher RH, Fletcher SW.  Evidence Based approach to the medical literature.  JGIM 1997;12(suppl 2):s5-s14.

35. Feinstein AR, Horwitz RI.  Problems in the Aevidence@ of AEBM@.  American Journal of Medicine 1997;103:529-535.

36. Jacobson LD, Edwards AG, Granier SK, Butler CC. EBM and general practice. British Journal of General Practice 1997;47:449-452.

37. Maynard A.  EBM: An incomplete method for informing treatment choices. Lancet 1997;349:126-128.

38. Maynard A.  EBM and treatment choices: Author's reply. Lancet 1997;349:572-573.

39. Norman G.  More on teaching EBM.  Academic Medicine 1998;73(12):1215.

40. Tonelli MR.  The philosophical limits of Evidence Based medicine. Academic Medicine 1998;73(12):1234-1240.

41. Bates D.  Results of search strategy should be given for readers. BMJ 1998;317:1386.

42. David DS. EBM Lancet 1998;105:361-362.

43. Leitman IM. EBM: A new discipline?  Arch Surg 1998;133:911.

44. Miettinen OS. Evidence in medicine: Invited commentary. CMAJ 1998;158:215-221.

45. Naidoo N. Information Nuggets are not easy to find quickly. BMJ 1998;316:1676.

46. Norman GR, Shannon SI. Effectiveness of instruction in critical appraisal (Evidence Based medicine)skills: A critical appraisal. CMAJ 1998;158(2):177-181.

47. Zuccala G, Pedone C, Carbonin P. Evidence based medicine is not magic. BMJ  1998; 317(7169):1386.

48. Bazarian JJ, Davis CO, Spillane LL, Blumstein H, Schneider SM.  Teaching emergency medicine residents Evidence Based critical appraisal skills: a controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 1999;34(2):148-154.

49. Isaacs D, Fitzgerald D. Seven alternatives to EBM.  BMJ 1999;319:1618.

50. Mayer J, Piterman L.  The attitudes of Australian GPs to evidence based medicine: A focus group study.  Fam Pract 1999;16(6):627-632.

51. Tonelli MR.  In defense of expert opinion.  Acad Med 1999;74(11):1187-1192.

Top IX.            Facilitating Evidence based Practice

Number Needed To Treat

1. Guyatt GH, Cook DJ, Jaeschke R.  How should clinicians use the results of randomized trials? [Editorial] ACP J Club 1995 Jan/Feb; 122:A12-A13.

2. Guyatt GH, Jaeschke R, Cook DJ.  Applying the findings of clinical trials to individual patients. [Editorial] ACP J Club 1995 Mar/Apr; 122:A12-A13.

3. Cook RJ, Sackett DL.  The number needed to treat: a clinically useful measure of treatment effect.  Br Med J 1995;310:452-454.

4. Chatellier G, Zapletal E, Lemaitre D, Menard J, Degoulet P.  The number needed to treat: a clinically useful nomogram in its place.  BMJ 1996;312:426-430.

Question Formulation

1. Richardson WS, Wilson MC, Nishikawa J, Hayward RSA.  The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence based decisions. [Editorial] ACP J Club 1995 Nov/Dec;123:A12-A13.

Clinical Prediction Rules

1. Laupacis A, Sekar N, Stiall IG.  Clinical Prediction Rules.  A review and suggested modifications of methodologi cal standards. JAMA 1997;277:488-494.

Institutional Approaches to Evidence based Medicine

1. Ham C, Hunter DJ, Robinson R. Evidence based policymaking. BMJ 1995;310:71-72.

2. Fahey T, Griffiths S, Peters TJ. Evidence based purchasing: understanding results of clinical trials and systematic reviews. BMJ 1995;311:1056-1060.

3. Ellrodt G, Cook DJ, Lee J, Hunt D, Weingarten S.  Evidence based disease management. JAMA 1997;278(20):1687-1692.

Top X.            Evidence based Textbooks

1. Dale DC, Federman D (Eds.)  Scientific American Medicine. Ordering Scientific American Medicine, 415 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA. (800-545-0554)

2. Eddy DM (Ed.) Common Screening Tests. Philadelphia, American College of Physicians, 1991. (Ordering: American College of Physicians, P.O. Box 7777-R-0270, Philadelphia, PA 19175, order number CDT 89.)

3. Panzer RJ, Black ER, Griner PF (Eds.) Diagnostic Strategies for Common Medical Problems.Philadelphia, American College of Physicians Press, 1991 (551 pages). (Order number DIS91 from the American College of Physicians, Independence Mall West, Sixth Street at Race, Philadelphia, PA 19106-1572, USA.)

4. Sox HC (Ed.) Common Diagnostic Tests. Use and Interpretation. Second Edition. Philadelphia, American College of Physicians. 1991. (Ordering: American College of Physicians, P.O. Box 7777-R-0270, Philadelphia, PA 19175, order number CDT 89.)

5. Schneiderman H. (Ed.)  Bedside Diagnosis. An Annotated Bibliography of Recent Literature on Interviewing and Physical Examination. Philadelphia, American College of Physicians, 1988. (Ordering: American College of Physicians, Circulation-Fulfilment Department, Independence Mall West, Sixth Street at Race, Philadelphia, PA 19106-1572 (800-523-1546; 215-243-1200).

6. Chalmers I, Enkin MW, Keirse MJNC.  Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth.2  volumes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1989. Reprinted 1991-1992 with corrections.

7. Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Guyatt GH, Tugwell P.  Clinical Epidemiology:  A Basic Science for Clinicians.  2nd Ed. Little, Brown & Co, 1991.

8. Enkin MW, Keirse MJNC, Renfrew MJ, Neilson JP.  A Guide to Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995.

9. Fletcher RH, Fletcher SW, Wagner EH.  Clinical Epidemiology:  The Essentials. 3rd Ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1996.

10. Sackett DL, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB.  Evidence based Medicine.  How to Practice and Teach EBM.  Churchill Livingstone, London, 1997.

11. Yusuf S, Cairns JA, Camm AJ, Fallen EL, Gersh BJ.  Evidence Based Cardiology.  BMJ Books, London, 1998.   

12. Brown SJ. Knowledge for Health Care Practice. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1999.

13. Sackett DL, Straus S, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB.  Evidence Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM. London: Churchill Livingstone, 2000.

Top XI.             Evidence-Based Computer Software

1. SAM-CD is Scientific American Medicine on compact disc. Hardware requirements: IBM PC/XT, AT or PS/2 or compatible; 640K memory with 530K free (560K free if a VGA adaptor is used); CD-ROM drive with Microsoft CD-ROM Extensions installed; 100Kb free disc space (hard or floppy disc); optional: VGA monitor and adaptor (needed to view graphics).

   Available from:
   Scientific American Medicine
   415 Madison Avenue
   New York, NY 10017
   USA
   Tel: 1-800-545-0554

2. Best Evidence abstracts articles from about 50 journals of relevance to internal medicine, the articles being selected according to critical appraisal criteria. A disk or CD ROM version cumulated since 1991 and all 1991 articles have been updated in November, 1996. 

   Contact:
   Subscriptions, ACP
   Independence Mall West
   Sixth Street at Race
   Philadelphia, PA
   19106-1572
   USA

3. Cochrane Library

   Subscription Information: Update Software produces and publishes The Cochrane Library on behalf of the Cochrane Collaboration, and manages subscriptions both directly and through licensed distribution partners. To subscribe directly through Update Software, or to ask questions or make comments, contact:

   Update Software Ltd. Summertown Pavilion Middle Way, Summertown Oxford, OX2 7LG United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 1865 513902 Fax: +44 (0) 1865 516918 e-mail: info@update.co.uk http://www.update-software.com

   Update Software Inc. 936 La Rueda Drive Vista,  CA 92084 USA Tel: +1 760 727-6792 Fax: +1 760 734-4351 e-mail: info@updateusa.com http://www.updateusa.com

   Subscriptions to The Cochrane Library are also available from the following distributors:

   Australian Medical Association , Australia
   British Medical Journal Publishing Group, UK. See http://www.bmjpg.com/data/bkind.htm
   Canadian Medical Association , Canada. Tel: 1-888-855-2555
   Health Communication Network, Australia. See http://www.hcn.net.au
   Medical Association of South Africa, South Africa. Tel:(27) 21531 3081
   SWETS subscription service, International, with offices in many countries. Contact pdamen@swets.nl
   Tecnoglobal, Spain. Contact tecnoglobal@mx3.redestb.es

Top XII.             Evidence based Medicine Internet Websites Web Sites:

1. Centres for Health Evidencehttp://www.cche.net
2. Cochrane Collaboration Contacts
   
   Contact your nearest CC by email:
   • Australasian Cochrane Centre: cochrane@flinders.edu.au
   • Brazilian Cochrane Centre: cochrane.dmed@epm.br
   • Canadian Cochrane Center: cochrane@mcmaster.ca
   • Chinese Cochrane Centre: cochrane@public.sc.cninfo.net
   • Dutch Cochrane Centre: cochrane@amc.uva.nl
   • French Cochrane Centre: ccf.upcl.univ-lyonl.fr
   • German Cochrane Centre: mail@cochrane.de
   • Italian Cochrane Centre: cochrane@irfmn.mnegri.it
   • New England Cochrane Center: cochrane@es.nemc.org
   • NECC Providence Office: cochrane@brown.edu
   • Nordic Cochrane Centre: general@cochrane.dk
   • San Antonio Cochrane Center: lmorgan@verdict.uthscsa.edu
   • San Francisco Cochrane Center: sfcc@sirius.com
   • South African Cochrane Centre: cochrane@eagle.mrc.ac.za
   • Spanish Cochrane Centre: cepss@cspt.es
   • UK Cochrane Centre: general@cochrane.co.uk

Full contact information for the centres can be found at: http://hiru.mcmaster.ca/cochrane/cochrane/centres.htm

Evidence-Based Health Mailing List

1. To access:
   send a message to: mailbase@mailbase.ac.uk
   subject line: leave blank
   body text: join evidence based-health-your name here stop
2. To find out who else is on the list:
   send message to: mailbase@mailbase.ac.uk
   subject line: leave blank
   body text: review evidence based-health

Top XIII.            Evidence-Based Journals

1. Evidence based Medicine and ACP Journal Club
   • In the United States, subscribe by contacting:

     American College of Physicians
     Customer Service, Evidence based Medicine
     N. Independence Mall West
     Sixth Street at Race
     Philadelphia, PA 
     19106-1572
     Tel:  1-800-523-1546
     Fax: 215-351-2799
     email: ebm@acp.mhs.compuserve.com

   • Outside the Americas, subscribe by contacting:

     Subscription Manager, Evidence based Medicine
     British Medical Journal Publishing Group
     BMA House
     Tavistock Square
     London WC1H 9JR
     England, United Kingdom
     Tel: +44-(0)-171-383-6270
     Fax: +44-(0)-171-383-6662

2. Intensive Care Monitor

   Subscribe by contacting:
   L Worth, DWL Limited
   14 Temple Fortune Lane
   London NW11 7UD UK
   TEL: +(44)-181-455-0760
   FAX: +(44)-181-201-8955

3. Evidence Based Nursing

   Subscribe by contacting:

   CNA Publication Sales
   Canadian Nurses Association
   50 Driveway, Ottawa, ON K2P 1ET
   Tel:  (613)237-2133 / 1-800-385-5881
   Fax:  (613)237-3520
   e-mail: pubs@cna-nurses.ca

4. UK, Europe and Rest of the World:

   Subscriptions Controller
   RCN Publishing Company
   Glynteg House, Station Terrace
   Ely, Cardiff, CF5 4XG
   United Kingdom
   Tel: +44 (0)1222 553411
   Fax: +44 (0)1222 576208
   e-mail: nso@nursing-standard.co.uk

5. Evidence Based Mental Health

   Subscribe by contacting:
   Subscriptions Manager           
   BMJ Publishing Group
   BMA House
   London WC1H 9JR
   United Kingdom
   Tel: +44-(0) 171-387-4499
   Fax: +44-(0)171-383-6668
   e-mail: 10032.1411@compuserve.com

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   Last modified: 11 Dec 2000.
   Feedback:ecrumley@hotmail.com. Internet support provided by the Centres for Health Evidence.